A SHORT HISTORY OF AMERICAN RAILWAY TIMETABLES
adapted from The Wonderful World Of Railroad
Timetables,
by Dick Clover and Tom Coval
(© 1979)
by A. B. Magary
INTRODUCTION: CLASSIFICATION OF
RAILROAD TIMETABLES
According to Merriam-Webster’s Second Edition, a “schedule” is an outline of regularly occurring events and a “timetable” is the document in which the schedule is printed. In normal parlance and in this account, the terms "timetable" and "schedule" will be used as if synonymous. While this article is concerned with timetables issued for railway travel, timetables were and are issued by all other forms of transportation.
The first and most important distinction is the division into either public or employees timetables. In the case of public timetables, a further separation is made to reflect different services offered by railway companies or differing audiences for the publication: System timetables; Condensed issues; Branch lines; Suburban forms; Name-train issues; and Brochures containing schedules.
System Timetables. A system timetable shows the railroad's nearly complete passenger service, including a detailed station list and local trains, but usually does not include suburban operations. The very largest systems, notably the Pennsylvania, excluded regional operations from their “Form 1” system schedule in order to keep its size manageable. These issues form the core of virtually all collections of public railroad timetables.
Condensed Timetables. These timetables were designed for the traveler interested in through travel to major points of importance. Such schedules were less costly to produce and less bulky, often distributed beyond the direct service area of the railway. Some, especially those issued by the Woodward & Tiernan publishing house of St. Louis, contained only schedules in one direction, on the theory that a new timetable would probably be in effect by the time the passenger returned. These are of much less interest to collectors than the system issues, even though some have attractive and colorful covers. Timetables issued in the 1870s were nearly all in this format.
Branch Line and Suburban Timetables, showing complete service for a particular branch or branches. Many collectors include such issues in their collections. Most of such timetables have a form number which remains consistent from issue to issue. This category does not include individual station timetables used in suburban territory, often issued by an advertising contractor such as TDI.
Name Train Timetables are a popular sub-category among collectors. The folder should contain a schedule of the featured train. These folders are often very ornate and the best contain diagrams of the individual cars in the train’s consist
Brochures including timetables. Many small roads whose claim to fame was scenery or some other geographical feature, issued a destination promotion brochure which included a schedule, almost as an afterthought. It may be the only publication of that road, and be ten percent schedule and ninety percent brochure. Most collectors regard these issues as “system” if they were the sole publication of the line.
Official
Guides. Enterprising publishers assembled timetables from multiple
railroads on a national, regional or city basis and obtained “official”
sanction from the participating railways in order to ensure public credibility
for their compendiums. This industry flourished in the late 1800s. Among the more prominent names were
Appleton, Rand-McNally, Dinsmore, American, Pathfinder, and Doggett. The
national guides were all eventually put out of business by an astute ticket
agent named Edward Vernon, who convinced the industry to adopt a single
official publication, first known as The Travelers' Official Railway Guide
of the United States and Canada and later as The Official Guide Of The
Railways And Steam Navigation Lines of the United States, Porto Rico, Canada,
Mexico and Cub. Published monthly from 1868 well into the Amtrak era, this “Official
Guide” serves as the basic reference for the serious collector.
(Official Guide History) On a more local level, it was common practice in the 1900-1930 period for several electric interurban lines serving one area to cooperate on a single joint timetable, often with the sponsorship of a publisher and advertisers. In some cases where this practice was successful, the participating lines discontinued their individual publications.
RAILROAD NAMES
Timetables are usually catalogued according to the name of the issuing company, but determining the corporate name may be troublesome in many cases, since many timetables do not bear the precise corporate name of the issuer. This is simply because railroads have acquired trade names or nicknames with which the public is more familiar. Here are some typical examples:
Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad = The Milwaukee Road
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway = Santa Fe
National Railroad Passenger Corp. = Amtrak
In some cases, the trade name, or “DBA”, covers a number of related railways with common ownership but different names, and those names are not always evident to the public. For example, in 1935 a Missouri Pacific Lines system timetable contained schedules for the Missouri Pacific RR, Gulf Coast Lines and the International-Great Northern RR. A collector should be aware of these permutations and settle on an internally consistent system of classification for a collection.
The most valuable single naming resource is a reference entitled Railroad Names, privately published by the late William D. Edson. The NAOTC website is developing a more modest reference utility. Official Guides and Poor's Manuals will be found the best traditional reference books ordinarily available and familiar to collectors. For many names, it will be necessary to refer to older issues of the above publications, as railroad corporations undergo changes in name as do other corporations. A frequent variation is found where a railroad becomes a "Railway" instead of "Railroad" or vice versa as the result of a re-organization, as where the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad became the Philadelphia & Reading Railway. There are innumerable designation changes in the corporate world, sometimes involving a complete new name, as in the case of a merger. For example the Seaboard Coast Line is the result of the merger of Seaboard Air Line and Atlantic Coast Line. Bear in mind that each such change results in a new entity for the collector to reach for in adding to his total of timetable issuing companies.
THE EVOLUTION OF RAILROAD TIMETABLES
The history of North American timetables can be neatly divided into the following time periods:
1830-1865 Inception
to Civil War
1865-1888 Civil
War to the Stapler
1889-1917 The
Stapler to World War I
1918-1920 World
War I Government Control
Inception
to Civil War (1830-1865).
Timetables
from the beginning of railroading in the 1830s up to the Civil War era are of
great historical interest, depicting how railroad pioneers went about getting
our early rail system in operation. Early railroads were typically short
point-to-point lines. The timetables of
this era generally took the form of newspaper advertisements and posters, known
as “broadsides”. The newspaper notices often showed a woodcut of a railroad
train and a condensed schedule of operations. They may be found in almost any
newspaper of the time. The very first was placed by the Baltimore & Ohio
Rail Road on May 20, 1830, in the Baltimore Patriot announcing the commencement of
service over the first American railroad line beginning on May 24 (Note the "1820" date typo in the clipping.). While useful
to the railway historian, they have typically been of little interest to
collectors.
The broadsides were first printed for use at stations and then adapted for distribution to hotels and other public places. As their distribution expanded, embellishments such as woodcuts of locomotives or trains were added. In the 1840s, some railroads began to distribute small cards to their customers shown the times of trains. Some lines also began to use a schedule printed on a single sheet which actually served as the authority to operate trains, giving a train in one direction specific superiority over another in the event of a meeting. These became known as “employees timetables” and continue to serve as basic operating authority documents on railways today. Consistent with the printing technology of the day, these and the larger broadsides were single sheet, one-sided affairs.
In 1841 the Erie Railroad, then
extending to Goshen, New York, produced its first official timetable for the
information and regulation of employees, not as might be expected, by printing,
but by pen and ink on half-sheets of note paper. The work was done by a clerk
under the direction of the Superintendent of Transportation, S.S. Post. There
was one for Mr. Post, also one for the superintendent of the road, the master
mechanic, two engineers, two conductors, the station agent at Chester and
finally, one for the agent at Goshen. When the demand for timetables became too
great for hand copying, they were printed. Edward Harold Mott, author of the
1899 history of the Erie, "Between the Ocean and the Lakes".
described the development as follows:
"Written time-tables were in use until too many copies were required to stock the employees, and then printed ones came in. The public was kept informed of the movement of trains and the changes in time by handbills and announcements in New York newspapers and the two Goshen newspapers ... One of the original official timetables, made with a pen, would today be of priceless value as a relic of pioneer railroading, and a printed copy of one would be of scarcely less intrinsic worth as a curiosity in the history of railroad operating, but not one of either is in existence. The oldest handbills announcing changes in the running of trains on the Erie and giving information as to passenger rates and regulations, that the author has been able to find, were issued in the spring of 1847."
As the Civil War approached, the railways began to experiment with timetable formats, usually in order to display more than a single line and a map of an expanding system. The early small cards evolved into folded sheets. Some broadsides were issued with maps printed on the reverse side, and then issued on lighter paper so they could be folded. But this early development would have to wait out the War before it could flourish. The War, of course, disrupted all civilian life and most particularly railway operations. Surviving documents related to timetables from the Civil War period itself are very scarce, most particularly from the Confederacy.
Civil War to Stapler (1865-1888)
The
reconstruction period was a time for rapid advances in the development of the
railway(in all developed countries) and also marked a period of great advances
in printing technology. The railways spawned the first large scale printing
houses not connected with the newspaper business to supply them with stock
certificates, tickets, business forms and maps. The salesmen of the printers
convinced the railroads to buy new printed products as printing technology improved.
Timetables issued during this period moved from being dry informational
documents to decorative promotional publications. A few timetables were printed
by the expensive engraving process used by the banknote companies and featured
complex engraved maps and vignettes of trackside scenery. More common was the
adoption of a new process known as wax engraving which permitted to creation of
complex maps and illustrations in multiple colors. (Wax
engraving) This technology was the basis for the beginning of the “golden
age” of railroad timetables which lasted until the outbreak of the First World
War. The combination of new printing techniques and the public’s new fondness
for ornamentation in prose and picture gave rise to ornate timetables whose
extravagant embellishments were never to be surpassed.
After the Civil War, railway development on the America was aided by the establishment of a standard gage, permitting interchange of rolling stock, as well as the introduction of Standard Time in 1885, which permitted a long distance operations to be run as a coordinated entity. As small railways grew into systems and long distance travel became more customary, the need for a timetable to display more information soon exhausted the limitations of a single sheet of paper. During this period, distribution of timetables to other railway offices, stations and hotels became customary.
To facilitate this distribution and the presentation of timetables from various companies in an organized fashion, printers settled on a standard dimension of four inches wide by nine inches tall for most timetables indented for the public. Whatever could be printed on a large sheet of paper would then be reduced by a series of complicated folds into a nominal 4x9 folder. Typically, one side of the sheet contained schedules and related information, while the reverse side displayed a large ornate map with the sponsoring railway shown as big and straight as the imagination would tolerate. The apogee was reached in 1887, when the Chicago & Alton, a rather small line between Chicago and St. Louis, issued a 33” x 24” sheet which reduced by a series of ten folds to a 54 panel 4x8 folder. Timetables of this “fold-out” style of timetable provided a large canvas for railroads to display detailed and ornamented maps. but they suffered from being cumbersome to use and quickly deteriorated at the folds.
Stapler to World War I (1889-1917)
The solution to this physical dilemma came forward in the form of the mechanical stapler. which had been patented in the 1870s but was not adapted to commercial printing until 1889. (Stapler history) Multiple page booklets of uniform size could now be cheaply and quickly produced in large quantity, which had not been possible with earlier techniques of gluing or sewing.
During the last decade of the Nineteenth Century, the large fold-out format gave way to the style which has generally prevailed ever since, the “Timetable” format. This consists of 16x9 collated sheets, folded and stapled along the center into a 8x9 booklet, and then folded again into a 4x9 dimension to fit an envelope or standardized display rack for stations and hotels. In this format, information was easier to locate, the refolding and wear and tear at the folds was eliminated. The big disadvantage was that maps were now restricted to the 16x9 “centerfold” at best.
The advent of the standard stapled timetable format coincided with the final consolidation of early railways into systems that would remain fairly stable in structure for more than fifty years, until the final dissolution of the American rail passenger services in the 1960s. Ornamentation became focused on the timetable cover. Gradually, intricate or ornate designs gave way to bold logos in bright colors. Major systems adopted a consistent appearance from one issue to the next in order to be easily identifiable in a timetable rack displaying dozens of different railways
World War I Government Control (1918-1920)
In December, 1917, America’s rail system was suffering from massive congestion resulting from the War buildup. The Government of the United States under President Wilson seized control of the Nation's railroads from their owners and placed them all under the control of the United States Railroad Administration. William G. McAdoo, Secretary of the Treasury, took on the additional position of Director General of the USRA. The period of control began December 28, 1917 and lasted until March 1, 1920, a period of approximately twenty-six months. Only the most marginal small steam railways and electric interurban lines were excluded from the takeover. The story of American’s first experiment with large scale socialism is best left for others to tell, except for the dramatic effect that the seizure had on the issuance of America’s railway schedules..
Timetables issued by USRA bore the heading on the front panel: “UNITED STATES RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION, W.G. McAdoo, Director General of Railroads” (or his successor, Walker D. Hines), and included a quaint admonition to “Avoid Waste – Keep this Timetable” In some cases. the USRA continued to permit a logo on the cover in black-and-white. All type fonts and “boiler-plate” travel information used in all the issues were identical, to enforce the image of unity. Although the private companies had been named variously Railroad, Railway or Rail Road, under the USRA they all became “Railroads”. The printing of timetables was contracted out to government bidders who were not necessarily the same vendors used by the railways.
Armistice
to Amtrak (1920-1971)
This period marked the beginning of the decline of railway passenger service in America. Passenger traffic reached a peak in 1920 and only briefly surpassed that during the Second World War. Local trains and branch services were early victims of automobile competition, many only continuing because of mail contracts and regulatory obligations. Long distance services continued to flourish into the boom of the late 1920s, and were propped up after the depression and World War II by the introduction of cleaner diesel locomotives, air-conditioning and streamlined design. But by 1958 the end came more clearly into view as the Interstate Highway System was completed and airlines introduced jet-powered aircraft. The last straw was the decision of the U.S. Post Office to remove mail from the trains in 1967. Mail revenue had not only provided the last dependable stream of revenue for many passenger operations, it also provided a rationale for regulatory agencies to force the continuance of money-losing trains in the name of “public service”. Most railways also faced declining freight revenues during this period, so a “perfect storm” was in the making.
As railroads began to trim passenger operations with greater success, the size of the timetables they issued shrank accordingly. Additional shrinkage resulted from the diminishing interest in using the timetable as a promotional vehicle. Companies which had once put out a monthly issue cut back to seasonal, then to twice annually at Daylight Time change. In fact, some railways, notably the Missouri Pacific and the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, printed only as often as needed to escape regulatory criticism. Systems which had issued thick timetables with 36 to 84 pages (72 to 168 4x9 panels) reduced their publications to as little as 4-page leaflets or even single 4x9 cards. The publications became far more spartan in design and quality as well.
Finally, when the patient was writhing in the pain of terminal illness, Congress administered euthanasia by creating the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, not-so-fondly known as Amtrak. Railways were given the option of delivering their passenger services to Amtrak or continuing on their own. Only three chose to continue their own operations (Southern, Rock Island and Rio Grande). Aside from those three, the last American railway intercity timetables were issued in early 1971.
AMTRAK
(1971-present)
The Federal Government took over American intercity passenger operations from the railways on May 1, 1971. The first Amtrak timetable was an exceedingly unattractive publication, marred by a major typographical error (“Detriot”), a portend of things to come! During the ensuing decades, AMTRAK would go through a variety of ways to present their evolving operation to the public, a complicated subject best left to another article. The three holdouts (Southern, Rock Island and Rio Grande) reduced their issues to double-sided cards until their services ended (in 1979, 1978 and 1983 respectively). Railways operating suburban service continued to publish timetables for those operations, but most have long been turned over to transit operating authorities who continue to issue schedules of their own with lots of public funding.